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Saša Jakovljević University of Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education. | ||
 IntroYou are holding a special issue of the journal "Fizička kultura" (Physical Culture) dedicated to the topic "Woman and Sport". With this issue the journal editors has inaugurated the activity of publishing special issues, dedicated primarily to those segments and problems in the fi eld of sport and physical education, which have not been treated in an appropriate manner both in science/theory and practice. This way the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education of the University of Belgrade, as the publisher of the Journal and a reputable institution of higher education in the fi eld of sport and physical education in our country and in the region, has taken active participation in fi ghting for better situation in this, socially very important field. Undeniably, women in sport still do not have the same importance and treatment as men. The commission "Women and Sport" of the Olympic Committee of Serbia, plays important role in improvement and better understanding of women in sport. Continuing its' activities, this Commission, together with the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education of the University of Belgrade and the Secretariat for Sports and Youth of Belgrade, organized on May 12th, 2011 the Fourth National Seminar "PRESENT TIME - WOMEN IN SPORT OF SERBIA 2011". | ||
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Branislav Jevtić, Irina Juhas University of Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education. | ||
| Abstract The political activism of women from the late nineteenth and 60 years of the twentieth century, that sought to ensure gender equality and end discrimination, was transferred to the sports organizations and the entire system of international sport, that more or less successfully dealt with this problem throughout the last, as well as in the fi rst decade of this century. Recent past time belongs to the "Third period of changes" which was expected to reach a greater inclusion of women in sport. This period is fi lled with activities, agendas, declarations, but also results of research affi rming the importance and role of sport and provides direction for the integration of women at all levels of sports pyramid. Coloured with "academic colours," this is the period which sums up what was achieved and sets a framework for a new strategy. This is the time frame that registers a lot of contradictory signs (contradictio symptoma) between intention - activity - result to increase direct participation of women in sport and physical activity, and to involve them in governing and decision making bodies in sport. The results have been achieved, the participation has reached the threshold of numerical equality, both in physical activity and at the Olympics, but on the other hand it is noted that the number of female coaches has decreased, that the woman - coach who trains men is rarity, and that the implementation of leadership position of women in sport is full of contradictions, fi lled with documents, poor in performance, and far from simple numerical participation. | ||
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WOMAN / SPORT / EQUALITY / INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES / CONTRADICTIONS / OLYMPIC MOVEMENT | |
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Višnja Đorđić, Marija Srdić University of Novi Sad, FSPE, Serbia; NGО "Center for Support of Women", Kikinda, Serbia. | ||
| Abstract Women are less physically active than men in all age groups, and are underrepresented in sports, both in active membership and in management positions. At the same time, women's participation in sport can improve sport, as sport can improve the quality of life for women. In order to assess the current state of women's sport in the territory of AP Vojvodina, an analysis of women's sport funding in selected local governments, as well as the analysis of the representation of women in certain sports were conducted. The fi nal sample comprised seven municipalities/cities in Vojvodina and 12 provincial branch associations. The obtained results show that the position of women's sport at the local self-government level and the observed branch associations are still not equal to men's sports positions. Women are less represented than men in the active membership of sports clubs (24-38%), a smaller number of clubs and sports are available to them, and a positive discrimination of women's sports funding is absent. In the observed branch associations, representation of women in different roles varies widely, but in most cases, men dominate in the total membership, especially in management and administration, various committees, as well as coaches and referees. A small number of branch associations shows sensitivity to gender issues, through analysis of women and promoting their participation in sport. | ||
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WOMEN / SPORT / AP VOJVODINA / GENDER EQUALITY | |
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Branislav Jevtić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Serbia. | ||
| Abstract Olympism is a unique movement that connects people, cultures, and all countries of the world, promoting peace, and building good will and cooperation. The Olympic Games (Olympics) are the manifest form of the International Olympic Movement (MOP) and a mega sporting event in which the best athletes of the world participate. They promote peace and a system of values cherished by all societies. More than 1320 athletes took part in the Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008, of which 198 women (14%). 98 medals were won, of which 15, or nearly 15% were won by women. Today, in the year when we celebrate 101 years since the founding of the Olympic Committee of Serbia (OCS), the situation regarding female participation in sport is still undetermined, better to say unsettled. The experience of OCS can be summarized by the following facts: (1) there has been a numerical equality in the delegations of the OCS1), in summer and winter EYOF. The participation of girls and women in the delegations of the winter program is high and on the verge of numerical equality. Regarding participation in the LOI a smaller percentage of women is registered; (2) the analysis of activities in a part of sports and business function in a sports organization indicates that the strategy of increasing women's participation is not implemented or if there is a strategy, it is implemented sporadically; (3) the following is recorded: the continuity of absence of female teams in basketball and handball (they used to be Olympic medal winners), athletes in rhythmic gymnastics and synchronized swimming (sports with Olympic tradition), while most of the new disciplines in the Olympic women's program (boxing, wrestling) are not developed in Serbia or the degree of competition does not exceed the minimum point requirements for participation; (4) volleyball, shooting, and tennis record high level of competitiveness, and guaranteed participation. The situation is similar in one swimming event, as well as more numerous participation of women than men is registered in athletic events; (5) both business and sports function of OCS are based on the principle of equality and universality, so that a woman was the head of the OCS mission in the Olympic Games in Beijing (2008), a woman was the bearer of the Serbian fl ag at the Games in Beijing, Vancouver and the MI in Pescara; (6) the participation of women offi cials in the work of national sports federations is not recorded, namely there are no women coaches in the Olympic delegations; (7) the causes of such state could not be described by forms of discrimination or lack of equality in sports, organizational, business and management level of Olympic delegations. | ||
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A WOMAN IN SPORT / OLYMPIC GAMES / OLYMPIC DELEGATION / OLYMPIC PROGRAMMES / OLYMPIC COMMITTEE OF SERBIA | |
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Irina Juhas University of Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Serbia. | ||
| Abstract An increasing number of new physical activities, the emergence of new disciplines and female participation in disciplines that, until recently, were only male, has become a daily practice. Female participants is growing in number and is more evident, so the question of whether women's sports training has certain peculiarities, has been naturally imposed. Despite an increased number of researches on a female sample, the male samples are still dominant. Mechanical identifi cation of men and women can cause more harm than good, especially in professional sport. Based on previous research, it can be said that the overall maximum ability of an adult woman is 70 - 90% of the overall maximum capacity of an adult male, which primarily stems from the morpho-functional characteristics. The woman has a lower maximal speed, strength, speed – power component, endurance, much better fl exibility and agility, greater accuracy and precision of movement, compared to the average man. The strength of any muscle group in women is on average less than men the same age. Although women have lower power, adaptation to strength training in women is not different, so there is no reason why female athletes would not apply the same methods as men. Sports training increases maximal oxygen consumption among women in the same way as in men. Today sports training enables women to run and achieve results in the long and the longest distance, as well as men. In fact, the last two decades of research have pointed to similar training methods, training responses, physiological requirements, both men and women. | ||
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WOMEN / STRENGTH / ENDURANCE / FLEXIBILITY / ENVIRONMENTAL | |
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Dragan Milivojević Special hospital for substance abuse "Naltrex Zone", Belgrade, Serbia. | ||
| Abstract The term mobbing is of Anglo-Saxon origin and stands for psychological abuse in the workplace, in fact hostile and unethical communication within the working environment, against an individual or a group, which occurs at least once a week for at least six months. Activities of the abusers can be divided into fi ve categories - attacks on the possibility of adequate communication, activities that compromise the ability to maintain social contacts, activities that destroy the reputation of the victim, those discrediting the quality of the performed work and activities that are forcing the person to perform tasks that directly damage his/her health. In relation to the social aspect, typical targets of mobbing are young, ambitious and recently employed workers, older workers close to retirement, persons with disabilities, persons who point to the shortcomings in the work, those seeking more autonomy or a salary increase and eccentrics. The social aspect of abusers is not striking as a specifi c personality profile. In our social environment, the most common are labelling and activities that discredit the quality of work, and most common victims are women, highly educated persons and persons employed in private companies. The most frequent consequences of mobbing are psychosomatic disorders, stress-related mental disorders, depression, substance abuse disorders and suicide. Activities against mobbing can have two main discourses, prevention and elimination of the consequences. The mechanisms of action are to provide legal and psychological (medical) help. Legislation is determined by the attempt of mediation in the workplace and the implementation of laws on mobbing, while psychological support is implemented through targeted training in communication skills and psychotherapeutic rehabilitation of the already created consequences. Mobbing is a decades-long psycho-social and labour problem in our community, but only in the fi rst decade of this century it was demystifi ed and subjected to critical and research observation. | ||
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MOBBING / HARASSMENT / COMUNICATION | |
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Milena Reljin Tatić NOC Serbia Women and Sport Commission. | ||
| Intro Continuing its activities and the successful work, the Commission Women and Sport of the Olympic Committee of Serbia, together with the Faculty of Physical Education in Belgrade and the Secretariat for Sports and Youth of Belgrade, organised on May 12, 2011 the Fourth National Seminar, with extensive program and even bigger goals. The 4th National Seminar was inaugurated by the President of the Olympic Committee of Serbia, Vlade Divac. Participants were also addressed by the Dean of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Mr. Dusan Mitic, and Miss. Ana Kosovac on behalf of the Ministry for Youth and Sports of Serbia. The Seminar was attended by representatives of Serbian Sport Union, Belgrade Secretariat for Sports and Youth, Belgrade Sport Union and the Secretariat for Youth and Sports of the Province of Vojvodina. | ||
